Great assignment for biology chapter "respiration in plants" for neet

Aerobic respiration : Complete oxidation of organic food in presence of oxygen thereby producing CO , water and energy.

Anaerobic respiration : Incomplete breakdown of organic food to liberate 2 energy in the absence of oxygen.

ATPSynthetase : An enzyme complex that catalyses synthesis of ATP during oxidative phospho-relation.

Biological oxidation : Oxidation in a series of reaction inside a cell.

Cytochromes : A group of iron containing compounds of electron transport system present in inner wall of mitochondria.

Dehydrogenase : Enzyme that catalyses removal of H atom from the substrate.

Electron acceptor : Organic compound which recieve electrons produced during oxidation-reduction reactions.

Electron transport : Movement of electron from substrate to oxygen through respiratory chain during respiration.

Fermentation : Breakdown of organic substance that takes place in certain and ethanol. microbe like yeast under anaerobic condition with the production of CO.

Glycosis : Enzymatic breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid that occurs in the cytoplasm.

Oxidative phosphorylation : Process of formation of ATP from ADP and Pi using the energy from proton gradient.

Respiration : Biochemical oxidation food to release energy.

Respiratory Quotient : The ratio of the volume of CO produced to the volume of oxygen consumed.

Proton gradient : Difference in proton concentration across the tissue membrane.

Mitochondrial matrix : The ground material of mitochondria in whichpyruvic acid undergoes aerobic oxidation through Kreb’s cycle. Abbreviations

ATP − Adenosine tri phosphate

ADP − Adenosine di phosphate

NAD − Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide

NADP − Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide Phosphate

NADH − Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide

PGA − Phosphoglyceric acid

PGAL − Phospho glyceraldehyde

FAD − Flavin adenine dinucleotide

ETS − Electron transport system

ETC − Electron transport chain

TCA − Tricarboxylic acid

OAA − Oxalo acetic acid

FMN − Flavin mono nucleotide

PPP − Pentose phosphate pathway

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

The overall mechanism of aerobic respiration can be studied under the following steps :

(A) Glycolysis (EMP pathway)

(B) Oxidative Decarboxylation

(C) Kreb’s cycle (TCA-cycle)

(D) Oxidative phosphorylation

Glycolysis : The term has originated from the Greek word

glycos = glucose

lysis = splitting or breakdown means breakdown of glucose molecule.

• It is also called Embeden-Meyerhof-Paranus pathway. (EMP pathway)

• It is common in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

• It takes place outside the mitochondria, in the cytoplasm.

• One molecule of glucose (Hexose sugar) ultimately produces two mol- ecules of pyruvic acid through glycolysis.

• During this process 4 molecules of ATP are produced while 2 molecules of ATP are utilised.

Thus net gain of ATP is of 2 molecules. Oxidative decarboxylation : Pyruvic acid is converted into Acetyle CoA in presence of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Tri Carboxylic Acid Cycle (Kreb’s cycle) or Citric acid Cycle

Tri Carboxylic Acid Cycle (Kreb’s cycle) or Citric acid Cycle : This cycle starts with condensation of acetyle group with oxaloacitic acid and water to yield citric acid which undergoes a series of reactions.

• It is aerobic and takes place in mitochondrial matrix.

• Each pyruvic acid molecule produces 4 NADH + H + , one FADH , one ATP.

• One glucose molecule has been broken down to release CO and eight molecules of NADH + H + , two molecules of FADH and 2 molecules of ATP.

2 Electron transport system and oxidative phosphorylation : The metabolic pathway through which the electron passes from one carrier to another, is called Electron transport system and it is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

ETS comprises of the following :

(i) NAD and NADH + H

(ii) FAD and FADH

(iii) UQ

(iv) Cyt b, Cyt c 1 2 + , Cyt c, Cyt a and Cyt a .

Oxygen acts as final hydrogen acceptor. Oxidative phosphorylation takes 3 place in elementary particles present on the inner membrane of cristae of mitochondria. Synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi using energy from proton gradient is called oxidative phosphorylation. In this process O acceptor and it get reduced to water. 2 2 2 is the ultimate electron

Total ATP Production

Process

Total ATP produced

1. Glycolysis 2ATP + 2NADH

(6ATP) = 8ATP

2. Oxidative decarboxylation 2NADH (6ATP) = 6ATP

3. Kreb’s Cycle 

2GTP (2ATP) + 6NADH22 (18ATP) + 2FADH (4ATP) = 24ATP22